DSM-IV SYMPTOM, SYNDROME, DISORDER AND DISEASE

SYMPTOM Refers to an observable behavior or state. There is no implication that an underlying problem necessarily exists or that there is a physical cause. The simplest level of analyzing a presenting problem. SYNDROME The next higher level of analysis. This term is applied to a constellation of symptoms that occur together or co-vary over time. The term carries no direct implications in terms of underlying pathology. Whether, in fact, certain sets of symptoms co-vary with one another is an empirical question. DISORDER Like a syndrome, refers to a cluster of symptoms. But the concept includes the idea that the set of symptoms is not accounted for by a more pervasive condition. As with symptom and syndrome, there is no implication of cause. DISEASE A disorder where the underlying cause is known. It is the highest level of conceptual understanding.